Born in Manresa and educated in Paris, Gemma Rubí has focused her research on illicit power practices. The author of Money, Politics and Corruption in Modern Spain argues that corruption is not a cultural flaw but a result of weak governance and lack of oversight.
“"Catalonia has ousted Pujol in an implacable way; I have not seen such punishments in Spain."
The historian notes that during the 19th and 20th centuries, the system relied on electoral fraud. In Manresa, vote manipulation was common, particularly before the introduction of universal male suffrage in 1890.
